It proceeds on principles or assumptions which are not only gratuitous, but even false. It must be acknowledged, that the results of this theory agree but ill with experiment, and that, in the way in which it has been zealously prosecuted by subsequent mathematicians. The 1796 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica has, in a discussion of fluid resistance in the article "Resistance," the following: Listed below are some early uses of the word without the, although in some of these citations the word calculus may be in the older sense of "a method of calculating," and they properly do not belong here. In older uses, the word calculus, referring to differential and integral calculus, was normally preceded by the word the. The 1890 Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary has: "While calculus is sometimes used in this wide sense, it is commonly used, when without a qualifying word, for the infinitesimal calculus, and includes differential calculus and integral calculus." Literal calculus, is specious arithmetic or algebra. Integral calculus, is a method of integrating or summing u moments or differential quantities the inverse of the differential calculus.ĥ. Exponential calculus, is a method of differencing exponential quantities or of finding and summing up the differentials or moments of exponential quantities or at least of bringing them to geometrical constructions.Ĥ. This coincides with the doctrine of fluxions.ģ. In mathematics Differential calculus, is the arithmetic of the infinitely small differences of variable quantities the method of differencing quantities, or of finding an infinitely small quantity, which, being taken infinite times, shall be equal to a given quantity. Stony gritty hard like stone as a calculous concretion.Ģ.
Webster's dictionary of 1828 has the following definitions for calculus, suggesting the older meaning of simply "a method of calculating" was already obsolete:ġ. He used the term Calculus differentialis in a memorandum written in 1691 which can be found in The Collected Correspondence of Isaac Newton III page 191. Newton did not originally use the term, preferring method of fluxions (Maor, p. The manuscript is undated, but appears to have been compiled sometime prior to 1680 (Scott, page 157).
SIMON STEVIN INFINITESIMALS PRO
The restricted meaning of calculus, meaning differential and integral calculus, is due to Leibniz.Ī use by Leibniz of the term appears in the title of a manuscript Elementa Calculi Novi pro differentiis et summis, tangentibus et quadraturis, maximis et minimis, dimensionibus linearum, superficierum, solidorum, allisque communem calculum transcendentibus. 4017: "I cannot yet reduce my Observations to a calculus." ) 1672 Giving Some Accompt of a New Comet, Lately Seen in That Country: Englished as Followeth Philosophical Transactions Vol. The earliest citation in the OED 2 for calculus in the sense of a method of calculating, is in 1672 in Extract of a Letter of Monsieur Hevelius from Dantzick Written to the Publisher in Latin, March 9. In its early days the Philosophical Transactions published articles in Latin as well as in English and calculus often appeared in the Latin articles. 2, page 166).Ĭalculus in English, defined as a system or method of calculating, is dated 1666 in MWCD 10, presumably from Monsieur Hevelius's Calculation of the Late Solar Eclipse's Quantity, Duration, &c (in Number 21 Philosophical Transactions, Vol. In Late Latin calculare means "to calculate." This word is found in the works of the poet Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, who lived in Spain c. The Romans used calculos subducere for "to calculate." Teachers of calculation were known as calculones if slaves, but calculatores or numerarii if of good family ( Smith vol.
In Latin, persons who did counting were called calculi. The counters of a Roman abacus were originally made of stone and called calculi. In Latin calculus means "pebble." It is the diminutive of calx, meaning a piece of limestone.
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